Completing Sentences



Rule-1 
Who, Which, That, Whose, Whom ইত্যাদি Relative Pronoun দ্বারা কোন Incomplete Sentence এর clause  শুরু হলে এগুলোর পূর্বের  Antecedent (যার পরিবর্তে Who, Which ইত্যাদি বসেঅনুযায়ী verb এর রূপ বসিয়ে Sentence টি Complete করতে হয়। যেমন

Incom :  It is I who …………………………………………
Com :  It is I who am to blame.  
Incom :  I know the man who ………………………..
Com :  I know the man who came here yesterday. 
Incom :  I know the boy who …………………………
Com :  I know the boy who has done this.
Incom :  The writer took a cabin which  …………
Com :  The writer took a cabin which was small.
  
Rule-2

কোন Incomplete sentence  so that থাকলে এর পর Present tense এর ক্ষেত্রে may / can এবং Past tense এর ক্ষেত্রে might / could বসিয়ে Sentence টি Complete করতে হয়। এ ক্ষেত্রে নিচের Structure অনুযায়ী Sentence গঠণ করতে হবে।
Sub + ………….. + so that + sub + can / may / could / might + verb + …………… যেমন

Incom :  Rahman reads more so that …………….
Com :  Rahman reads more so that he can get GPA-5.
Incom :  He works so that ……………………………..
Com :  He works so that he may pass in the examination. 
Incom :  We eat so that …………………………………
Com :  We eat so that we may live.

Rule-3

Sentence   so that এর মতোই in order that ব্যবহৃত হয়। এক্ষেত্রে অনুরূপভাবে in orther that এর পর প্রথম subject বসে। এর পর may / can কিংবা  might / could + verb + …………. বসাতে হয়। যেমন

Incom :  Raka works hard in order that …………
Com :  Raka works hard in order that she can prosper in life.
Incom :  The boy ran quickly in order that ……
Com :  The boy ran quickly in order that he might get the prize.

Rule-4

Negative sentence এর তীব্রতা বুঝাতে so ……. that ব্যবহৃত হয়। এক্ষেত্রে Sentence এর Structure হবে  এরূপঃ 
So ……….. that + sub +cannot / could not + …………… যেমন

Incom :  The boy is so small ………………….………
Com :  The boy is so small that he cannot carry the load.
Incom :  The man was so ill …………………………..
Com :  The man was so ill that he could not move.

Rule-5

Though, although, as, since ইত্যাদি যুক্ত Incomplete sentence কে Complete করতে হলে এগুলোর সাথে অর্থবহ পূর্ণাঙ্গ Sentence যোগ করে Sentence টি Complete করতে হয়। যেমন

Incom :  Although he is poor, ……..…………………
Com :  Although he is poor, he is honest. 
Incom :  Though the water was dirty, ……………
Com :  Though the water was dirty, they drunk it. 
Incom :  As I do not know him, ………….………….
Com :  As I do not know him, I cannot give to him.
Incom :  As I was ill, …………………………….…………
Com :  As I was ill, I could not go to school.
Incom :  Since I paid the bill, ……………….…………
Com :  Since I paid the bill, I had no money in my pocket.

Rule-6

Unless দ্বারা কোন clause শুরু হলে Incomplete sentence কে Complete করার সময় প্রদত্ত Incomplete sentence টির সাথে একটি সঙ্গতিপূর্ণ পূর্ণ Sentence যোগ করতে হয়। মনে রাখতে হবেUnless দ্বারা কোন clause শুরু হলে সে clause ‘not’ ব্যবহৃত হয় না। যেমন

Incom :  Unless you obey him ……..……..………… 
Com :  Unless you obey him you cannot succeed in life. 
Incom :  Unless you work hard ………………………
Com :  Unless you work hard you will not shine. 

Rule-7

কোন Sentence ‘Until/Till’ থাকলে পরবর্তী Sentence টি অবশ্যই Affirmative হবে। এক্ষেত্রে, Tillএর পূর্বের বাক্যটি Past Tense হলে Until/Till যুক্ত বাক্যটিও অনুরূপভাবে Past tense হবে। যেমন

Incom :  Just wait till …………………………………..… 
Com :  Just wait till he comes. 
Incom :  We waited till …………………………………..
Com :  We waited till the train came. 
Incom :  Wait until …………………………………………
Com :  Wait until the rain stops.

Rule-8

Provided / provided that / providing that ইত্যাদি ‘যদি অর্থ প্রকাশ করে থাকে। Incomplete বাক্যের শেষে এগুলো দেয়া থাকলে তার পরে একটি অর্থপূর্ণ বাক্য যোগ করতে হবে। যেমন-

Incom :  You will do better in the X provided that …
Com :  You will do better in the X provided that you work hard. 
Incom :  The plane will take off provided ……….…
Com :  The plane will take off provided the weather is good.

Rule-9

In caseযুক্ত বাক্যটি মূলতঃ Principal clause এর কারণ নির্দেশ করে। এক্ষেত্রে Principal clause টি Present Indefinite বা Future Indefinite হলে, In case যুক্ত বাক্যটি Present Indefinite Tense হয়। অনুরূপভাবে Principal clause টি Past Indefinite হলেপরবর্তী অংশও Past Indefinite হবে। যেমন

Incom :  I want to do the sum in case …………….
Com :  I want to do the sum in case the teacher permits.
Incom :  I will take my umbrella in case ……….…
Com :  I will take my umbrella in case it rains. 
Incom :  He carried an umbrella in case …………
Com :  He carried an umbrella in case it rained.

Rule-10

Lest দ্বারা কোন clause শুরু হলে lest এর পর should / might দিয়ে Sentence টি Complete করতে হয়। মনে রাখতে হবে Lest যুক্ত কোন Sentence  no / not বসে না। যেমন

Incom :  Walk first lest …………………………….…….…
Com :  Walk first lest you should miss the train.

Rule-11

কোন কাজ এই মুহূর্তে করা প্রয়োজন বোঝালে Sentence -এ It is time এবং অতীব জরুরী বোঝাতে It is high time ব্যবহৃত হয়। এক্ষেত্রে Sentence complete করার সময় Subject এর পর Verb এর Past form ব্যবহৃত হয়। তবে Verb টি Past form এর হলেও এটি বর্তমান কালকে নির্দেশ করে। যেমন-

Incom :  It is time ………..………………………….…….… 
Com :  It is time we changed our food habit.
Incom :  It is high time …………………………….…….…
Com :  It is high time the govt. took necessary steps to stop crime.

Rule-12

Is the time when / is the day when / is the year when ইত্যাদি যুক্ত Incomplete sentence কে Complete করতে when এর পর Subject বসিয়ে Verb–এর Present form ব্যবহার করতে হয়। কিন্তু অতীতে ঘটে যাওয়া কোন ঘটনা বা ঐতিহাসিক ঘটনা হলে Verb এর Past form হবে। যেমন-

Incom :  7 A.M is the time when ………………..…….
Com :  7 A.M is the time when Ruba goes to school.
Incom :  Saturday is the day when …………..…….…
Com :  Saturday is the day when the week starts. 
Incom :  1971 is the year when …………………………
  Com :  1971 is the year when we gained Independence.

Rule-13

অসম্ভব ইচ্ছাআখাঙ্ক্ষাঅভিপ্রায় ব্যক্ত করতে Sentence – I wish ব্যবহৃত হলে Sentence – I wish এর পর Subject বসে এবং তারপর ‘be’ verb এর ক্ষেত্রে সব সময় were ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন-

Incom :  I wish ………..…………………………….…….…
Com :  I wish I were a king.

Rule-14

‘As if / As although’ দ্বারা মূলতঃ Unreal past অর্থ প্রকাশ করা ‘As if / As although’ এর প্রথম অংশ Present Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশটি Past Indefinite Tense হবে। আবার প্রথম অংশটি Past Indefinite Tense হলে পরের অংশটি Past Perfect Tense হবে। যেমন

Incom :  He talks as if …………..……………….…….…
Com :  He talks as if he knew everything.
Incom :  He talked as if ………………………….…….…
Com :  He talked as if he had known everything.

Rule-15

Past Perfect Tense  ‘before’এর পরের অংশটি Past Indefinite এবং পূর্বের অংশটি Past Perfect Tense হয়। আবারএক্ষেত্রে ‘after’এর পরের অংশটি Past Perfect Tense এবং আগের অংশটি Past Indefinite Tense হয়। যেমন

Incom :  I had read the letter before ….….…….…
Com :  I had read the letter before I burnt it.
Incom :  ………………………..…… after I had read it.
Com :  I burnt the letter after I had read it.

Rule-16

No sooner had ….. than, Hardly had ….. when, Scarcely had ….. when  জাতীয় Structure যুক্ত Sentence  than  when এর পূর্বের অংশ Past Perfect Tense এবং পরের অংশ Past Indefinite Tense হয়। যেমন –

Incom :  No sooner had the doctor gone ….….…
Com :  No sooner had the doctor gone than the patient died.
Incom :  Hardly had I reached the college …..….
Com :  Hardly had I reached the college when the exam began.
Incom :  Scarcely had he arrived the station .….
Com :  Scarcely had he arrived the station when the train left.

Rule-17

‘As long as’ দিয়ে একটি নির্দিষ্ট সময় বুঝায়। এক্ষেত্রেAs long as এর পূর্বের clause এর Tense অনুযায়ী পরবর্তী clause এর Tense হয়। যেমন –

Incom :  We learn as long as …………..………………
Com :  We learn as long as we live.
Incom :  He did the work as long as ……………..…
Com :  He did the work as long as he could.

Rule-18

If + conditional যুক্ত Incomplete sentence কে Complete করতে হলে নিচের লিখিত বিষয়গুলো লক্ষ রাখতে হবে
(i) If যুক্ত clause টি Present Indefinite হলে Principal clause টি Future Indefinite  হবে। যেমন

Incom :  If you come, ……………….……..………………
Com :  If you come, I shall / will go.
Incom :  If you play in the rain, ………..…………..…
Com :  If you play in the rain, you will catch could.

(ii) If যুক্ত clause টি Past Indefinite Tense হলে Principal clause টির Subject এর would / might / could এর পর Verb এর Present form বসিয়ে Sentence complete করতে হয়। যেমন

Incom :  If they wanted, ………..………..………………
Com :  If they wanted, we would help them.
Incom :  If I had a car, …………………………………..…
Com :  If I had a car, I would go there.

(iii) If যুক্ত clause টি Past Perfect Tense হলে Principal clause টি Perfect conditional হয়। এক্ষেত্রে, Conditional এর Structure হবে এরূপঃ   Subject + would have / could have / might have + verb এর Past participle. যেমন

Incom :  IF I had started earlier, …………..………….
Com :  If I had started earlier, I could have joined the X in time.

Rule-19

Subordinate clause  Had + Sub + Verb এর Past participle থাকলে Principal clause টি Perfect conditional হয়। যেমন

Incom :  Had I seen him, ……………….……..…………
Com :  Had I seen him, I would have given him the news.
Incom :  Had I possessed a vast property, …….…
Com :  Had I possessed a vast property, I would have established a college.

Rule-20

The place ……… where–  জাতীয় Incomplete sentence স্থান নির্দেশ করে। এক্ষেত্রে Incomplete sentence এর শেষে where + subject + verb বসিয়ে complete করতে হয়। যেমন-

Incom :  A railway station is the place, ……..…….
Com :  A railway station is the place, where train stops.
Incom :  Dhaka is the city, ………………..…………..…
Com :  Dhaka is the city, where the population is about 1 core.

NOTE : NCTB প্রদত্ত Syllabus এ Completing sentence parts এর ক্ষেত্রে সুস্পষ্টভাবে Complex sentence part কে Complete করার কথা বলা থাকলেও বিভিন্ন বোর্ডের প্রশ্নপত্রে Simple sentence এর উপর প্রশ্ন করার প্রবণতা লক্ষ্য করা যায়। তাই শিক্ষার্থীদের সুবিধার্থে  ধরণের গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কিছু নিয়ম দেয়া হলোঃ
Rule-21

Inspite of, despite ইত্যাদি যুক্ত Incomplete sentence কে Complete করার সময় এদের বিপরীত অবস্থাবাচক Sentence দ্বারা প্রদত্ত Sentence টিকে Complete করতে হয়। এক্ষেত্রে, Incomplete অংশে Sub + verb + ………..  বসাতে হয়। যেমন –  

Incom :  Inspite of his poverty, …………….…..…….
Com :  Inspite of his poverty, he is happy.
Incom :  Despite his good qualification, …………..
Com :  Despite his good qualification, he failed in the exam.

Rule-22

Without + Gerund যুক্ত Incomplete sentence কে Complete করার সময় Subject + cannot verb + object বসিয়ে complete করতে হয়। কিন্তু BY + Gerund যুক্ত Incomplete sentence কে Complete করার সময় বসিয়ে Complete করতে হয়। যেমন –

Incom :  Without working hard …………….…….…
Com :  Without working hard, you cannot prosper in life.
Incom :  Without taking proper meal ……..……..
Com :  Without taking proper meal, you cannot keep body fit.
Incom :  By working hard ……………..……….…….… 
Com :  By working hard, you can shine in life.

Rule-23

Would rather / would sooner যুক্ত Sentence  than ব্যবহার করে Complete করতে হয়। এক্ষেত্রে Sentence এর Structure হবে এরুপঃ
Subject + would rather + verb + than + ………..  যেমন –

Incom :  I would rather die ……….………….…..…….
Com :  I would rather die than beg.
Incom :  He would rather drink milk ………………..
Com :  He would rather drink milk than tea.

Rule-24

‘Let alone’ দ্বারা মূলতঃ কোন কিছু “চিন্তা করা যায় না বা ভাবা যায় নাএরূপ অর্থ প্রকাশ করা হয়। এক্ষেত্রে এটি Negative sense প্রকাশ করে। যেমন –

Incom :  I cannot pass in the third  ……….………….
Com :  I cannot pass in the third let alone in the first division.
Incom :  I have not a box of matches, let alone ..
Com :  I have not a box of matches, let alone a television set.

Rule-25

Would you mind যুক্ত Incomplete sentence এ mind এর পর ing যুক্ত verb + object ব্যবহার করা হয়। যেমন –
Incom :  Would you mind ………….………….…..…….
Com :  Would you mind taking a cup of tea?
Incom :  Would you mind opening …………………..
Com :  Would you mind opening the window?

Rule-26

Had better যুক্ত Sentence টি unreal past tense হলেও এটি Present বা Future উভয় Tense এর অর্থ প্রকাশ করে। এরপর Infinitive ‘to’ না বসে শুধু Verb বসে। যেমন –

Incom :  We had better …….……….………….…..…….
Com :  We had better go home.
Incom :  You had better ………………….………………..
Com :  You had better love us all.

Rule-27

Feel, suppose, imagine, report, discover, know, judge, assume ইত্যাদি verb এর পর ‘to be’ বসিয়ে Incomplete sentence কে Complete করতে হয়। যেমন –

Incom :  We felt the decision …….……….…………….
Com :  We felt the decision to be wrong.
Incom :  We assumed him ……..……….………………..
Com :  We assumed him to be honest.

Rule-28

Incomplete sentence  adjective / adverb এর পূর্বে too থাকলে Sentence টি Complete করার সময় to + verb + ……………..… ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন –

Incom :  The man is too weak …..……….…………….
Com :  The man is too weak to walk.
Incom :  You are too young ……..…….………………..
Com :  You are too young to take the responsibility.

Rule-29

অসম্ভব ইচ্ছাআখাঙ্ক্ষাঅভিপ্রায় ব্যক্ত করতে Sentence – would that ব্যবহৃত হলে Sentence – would that এর পর Subject বসে এবং তারপর ‘be’ verb এর ক্ষেত্রে সব সময় were ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন-

Incom :  Would that ….……..….………………….…….…
Com :  Would that he were a live.
*******

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