Changing Sentences



Affirmative to Negative

Interchange of Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative, Exclamatory etc.

Rule-1: কোন Sentence এ ‘only’ বা ‘alone’ থাকলে Sentence –এর শুরুতে None but বসিয়ে Negative করতে হয়। তবে বস্তুর ক্ষেত্রে ‘Only’ এর স্থানে ‘Nothing but’ এবং সংখ্যার ক্ষেত্রে ‘not more than’ / ‘not less than’ বসে। যেমন

Affirmative: Only he can do the sum.
Negative: None but he can do the sum.
Affirmative: Allah can alone help us.
Negative: None but Allah can help us.
Affirmative: He was only twenty. 
Negative: He was not more than twenty.

Rule-2:  Affirmative Sentence এ must/ have to / has to /can ইত্যাদি থাকলে Negative করার সময় must এর পরিবর্তে cannot but/cannot help বসে। তবে cannot help এর পরের verb এর সাথে ing যোগ করতে হয়। যেমন

Affirmative: I must go there.
Negative: I cannot but go there.
Affirmative: I have to do the work.
Negative: I cannot but do the work.
Affirmative: He has to do it.
Negative: He cannot but do it.
Affirmative: You can do it.
Negative: You cannot but do it.

 Rule-3:  Every বা all যুক্ত বাক্যকে Negative করতে হলে Every বা all –এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে There is no বসে + Every বা all এর পরের Noun বসে + but বসে + প্রদত্ত Sentence –এর বাকি অংশ বসে। যেমন

Affirmative: Every king has a crown.
Negative: There is no king but has a crown.
Affirmative: All men are mortal. 
Negative: There is no man but is mortal.

Rule-4:  Affirmative Sentence –কে Negative করার সময় উক্ত Sentence এর মধ্যস্থিত Affirmative শব্দটির Negative রূপ বসে এবং উক্ত Negative শব্দটির পূর্বে not বসে। বাক্যে Auxiliary verb না থাকলে do not/does not/did not বসে। যেমন

Affirmative: I shall remember you.
Negative: I shall not forget you.
Affirmative: I found him happy.
Negative: I did not found him unhappy.

Rule-5:  Always যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence –কে Negative করতে হলে Always –এর পরিবর্তে Never বসে এবং Affirmative শব্দটির বিপরীত শব্দ (Antonym) বসে। যেমন

Affirmative: I always remember you.
Negative: I never forget you.
Affirmative: He was always punctual.
Negative: He was never late.

Rule-6:  Both ……. and যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence –কে Negative করতে হলে Both –এর পরিবর্তে Not only বসে এবং and –এর পরিবর্তে but also বসে। যেমন

Affirmative: Both Razu and Meena can do it.
Negative: Not only Razu but also Meena can do it.

Rule-7:  As soon as যুক্ত বাক্যকে Negative করতে হলে As soon as –এর পরিবর্তে প্রথমে No sooner had বসে + উক্ত Sentence –এর Subject বসে + verb এর Past participle form বসে + প্রথম Sentence –এর বাকি অংশ বসে এবং কমা (,) এর পরিবর্তে than বসে +দ্বিতীয় Sentence বসে। যেমন

Affirmative: As soon the thief saw the police, he ran away.
Negative: No sooner had the thief seen the police than he ran away.
Affirmative: As soon as he arrived, we welcomed him.
Negative: No sooner had he arrived than we welcomed him.
Rule-8:  As …… as (তুলনা) যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence –কে Negative করার ক্ষেত্রে প্রথমে as এর জায়গায় not less বসে। শেষোক্ত as -এর জায়গায় than বসে। যেমন-

Affirmative: Rana and Reza as wise as Neela.
Negative: Rana and Reza not less wise than Neela.

Rule-9:  Too …… to যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence –কে Negative করতে হলে too –এর পরিবর্তে so বসে ও to –এর পরিবর্তে that বসে এবং that এর পর পুনরায় বাক্যের Subject বসে + cannot/ could not বসে + বাক্যের বাকি অংশ বসে। যেমন-

Affirmative: He is too weak to walk.
Negative: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Affirmative: He was too poor to buy a car.
Negative: He was so poor that he could not buy a car.

Rule-10:  Affirmative Sentence এর Many কে not a few, a few কে not many, a little কে not much, much কে not a little  পরিবর্তন করে Negative Sentence গঠন করা যায়। যেমন

Affirmative: There are many friends in the field.
Negative: There are not a few friends in the field.
Affirmative: I have a few friends. 
Negative: I have not many friends. / I do not have many F.
Affirmative: There is a little water in the jar.
Negative: There is not much water in the jar.           
Affirmative: He has much money.
Negative: He has not a little money.

Rule-11:  Superlative যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence –কে Negative করতে হলে নিচের Structure -টি অনুসরণ করতে হবে।
Ø Structure: No other + Superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb + as/so + Superlative degree (adjective) –এর Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত Sentence এর Subject যেমন

Affirmative: Romeo is the best boy in the class.
Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as Romeo.
Affirmative: Salman is one of the smartest boys.
Negative: Very few boys are as smart as Salman.

Rule-12: Comparative যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence–কে Negative করতে হলে নিচের Structure-টি অনুসরণ করতে হবে।
Ø Structure: ২য় Subject + Finite verb + not + as/so + Comparative degree (adjective) –এর Positive form + as + প্রদত্ত Sentence এর ১ম Subject যেমন

Affirmative: Runa is taller than Bina.
Negative: Bina is not so tall as Runa.
Affirmative: Ruby is more beautiful than Boby.
Negative: Boby is not as beautiful as Ruby.

 Rule-13: Positive যুক্ত Affirmative Sentence –কে Negative করতে হলে নিচের Structure –টি অনুসরণ করতে হবে।
Ø Structure: ২য় Subject + Finite verb + not + Positive degree (adjective) –এর Comparative form + than + প্রদত্ত Sentence এর ১ম Subject যেমন

Affirmative: Your book is as fine as this.
Negative: This is not finer than your book.
Affirmative: Babur was as strong as a lion.
Negative: A lion was not stronger than Babur.

Rule-14: যে সকল Affirmative Sentence Universal truth (চিরন্তন সত্য) Habitual fact (অভ্যাসগত কর্মবা Scientific fact (বৈজ্ঞানিক সত্যপ্রকাশ করে তাকে Negative  রূপান্তর করার সময় একসাথে Neg-interrogative করতে হয়। যেমন

Affirmative: Oxygen is necessary to live.
Negative: Isn’t oxygen necessary to live?
Affirmative: The earth moves round the sun.
Negative: Don’t the earth move round the sun?
Affirmative: Health is wealth.
Negative: Isn’t health wealth?

Negative to Affirmative
Negative Sentence –কে Affirmative Sentence এ রূপান্তর মূলত Affirmative থেকে Negative Sentence –এ রূপান্তরের বিপরীত প্রক্রিয়া। কাজেই Affirmative থেকে Negative Sentence –এ রুপান্তর সংক্রান্ত নিয়মগুলো অনুশীলন করলেই সহজে Negative Sentence –কে Affirmative Sentence এ রূপান্তর করা যায়।

Assertive to Interrogative
Rule-1: Auxiliary verb যুক্ত Assertive Sentence টি যদি Affirmative হয়তবে তাকে Interrogative –এ পরিবর্তনের সময় প্রথমে ‘auxiliary’ verb এর সাথে n’t বসে। তারপর Subject বসে এবং বাকি অংশ বসে। সবশেষে প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন বসে। কিন্তু Negative হলে শুধু ‘auxiliary’ verb বসবে এবং Negative শব্দটি উঠে যাবে। যেমন– 
Assertive: He is a great scholar.
Interrogative: Isn’t he a great scholar? / Is he not a great scholar?
Assertive: He is not a good player.
Interrogative: Is he a good player?

Rule-2: Auxiliary verb বিহীন Assertive Sentence –কে Interrogative করার সময় প্রথমে Tense অনুসারে Don’t/ doesn’t/didn’t বসে এবং Subject বসে। তারপর মূল verb এর base form ও বাকি অংশ বসে। যেমন

Assertive: He plays football. 
Interrogative: Doesn’t he play football?
Assertive: You know me well.
Interrogative: Don’t you know me well?
Assertive: They finished their duties.
Interrogative: Didn’t they finish their duties?

Rule-3: Assertive Sentence –এ Never থাকলে Interrogative করার সময় Ever হয় এবং Nothing থাকলে Anything হয়। এবং No থাকলে Any হয়। যেমন

Assertive: I have never been to Cox’s Bazar.
Interrogative: Have I ever been to Cox’s Bazar?
Assertive: I know nothing about it.
Interrogative: Do I know anything about it?
Assertive: There is no room in the beach.
Interrogative: Is there any room in the beach?

Rule-4: Everybody/ Everyone/ All যুক্ত Assertive Sentence –কে Interrogative করার সময় এদের পরিবর্তে প্রথমে Who বসে + don’t/ doesn’t/ didn’t বসে + মূল verb –এর Present form বসে মূল verb –এর পরের অংশ বসে + প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসে। যেমন

Assertive: Everybody likes flower.
Interrogative: Who does not like flower?
Assertive: Everyone wishes to be happy.
Interrogative: Who does not wish to be happy?
Assertive: All love Allah.
Interrogative: Who do not love Allah?

Rule-5: Nobody/ No one/ None যুক্ত Assertive Sentence –কে Interrogative করতে হলে এগুলোর পরিবর্তে Who বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে + প্রশ্নবোধক চিহ্ন (?) বসে। যেমন

Assertive: Nobody trusts a liar.
Interrogative: Who trusts a liar?
Assertive: No one loves a liar.
Interrogative: Who loves a liar?
Assertive: None can do it.
Interrogative: Who can do it?

Note: কোন Sentence –এ Subject যদি Noun হয় তবে Neg-Int করতে হলে Auxiliary verb –সহ Subject –এর পূর্বে বসে আর Subject যদি Pronoun হয় তবে Auxiliary verb, Subject –এর পূর্বে সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপেও ব্যবহার করা যায়। যেমন

Assertive: Asma goes to school.
Neg-Int: Does not Asma go to school?
Assertive: He works hard.
Neg-Int: Doesn’t he work hard?


Interrogative to Assertive
সাধারণভাবে Interrogative Sentence –কে Assertive করার সময় Affirmative থাকলে Negative এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। আর Negative থাকলে Affirmative এ পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। Affirmative Interrogative  Who থাকলে Who এর পরিবর্তে Nobody বা None হবে। আর Negative Interrogative  Who থাকলে Who এর পরিবর্তে Everybody হবে। যেমন

Interrogative: Who is happier than you?
Assertive: None is happier than you.
Interrogative: Who does not like a flower?
Assertive: Everybody likes a flower.

Assertive to Imperative
 
Rule-1: Assertive Sentence –এর Subject যদি second person (You) হয়, তবে Imperative Sentence –টি মূল verb দ্বারা শুরু হবে। এক্ষেত্রে মূল verb –এর পূর্বের অংশ বাদ যাবে। তবে Assertive Sentence –টি ‘না বোধকহলে ‘Do not + verb’ দ্বারা বাক্যটি শুরু হবে। যেমন

Assertive: You should help the poor.
Imperative: Help the poor.
Assertive: You must not violet rules & regulations.
Imperative: Do not violet rules & regulations.

Rule-2: Assertive Sentence –এর Subject যদি 1st person কিংবা 3rd person হয়, তবে Imperative Sentence –টি Let দ্বারা শুরু হবে। গঠন: Let + objective case of the pronoun (me/us/him/her/them) + verb + ext. যেমন

Assertive: I must go now.
Imperative: Let me go now.
Assertive: He should do the work.
Imperative: Let him do the work.

Rule-3: First person বা third person যুক্ত Assertive Sentence –এ not থাকলে Imperative করার নিয়ম:
গঠন: Let + Subject –এর objective form + প্রদত্ত not থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত। যেমন

Assertive: We do not hate the poor.
Imperative: Let us not hate the poor.
Assertive: Reza does not run in the sun.
Imperative: Let not Reza run in the sun.

Note: ‘Let’ verb এর Object যদি Noun হয় তবে not ঐ object টির পূর্বে বসে এবং Pronoun হলে তার পরে বসে।

Rule-4: Assertive Sentence –টিতে যদি ‘request’ কথাটি থাকে তবে Imperative Sentence করার সময় ‘Please/Kindly + verb’ দ্বারা বাক্যটি শুরু হবে। যেমন  

Assertive: I request you to give me some water.
Imperative: Please give me some water.
Assertive: You are requested to draw a picture.
Imperative: Please draw a picture.

Rule-5: Never এবং Always যুক্ত Assertive Sentence কে Imperative করার নিয়ম:
গঠন: প্রদত্ত Never + প্রদত্ত মূল verb এর base form + verb –এর পরের অংশ। * কিন্তু Always বাক্যের শেষে বসে। যেমন

Assertive: You should never tell a lie.
Imperative: Never tell a lie.
Assertive: You should always speak the truth.
Imperative: Speak the truth always.


N.B Imperative এর বৈশিষ্ট্যগুলো হলোঃ মূল Verb/Let/Do/Don’t/Always/Never/Please/Kindly দ্বারা বাক্য শুরু হয় ।

Imperative to Assertive

Rule-1: Imperative Sentence –টিতে Subject ঊহ্য থাকলে ‘You” Subject বসিয়ে Assertive করা যায় অথবা Sentence টির অর্থানুযায়ী you are requested/ordered/advised/commanded/told etc. + to বসিয়ে Assertive করা যায়।

Ø Structure-1: You + should + should not + মূল verb থেকে বাকি অংশ।
Ø Structure-2: You + are requested to (Please/Kindly এর পরিবর্তে) + মূল verb থেকে বাকি অংশ। যেমন

Imperative: Do your duty.
Assertive: You should do your duty.
Imperative: Don’t disturb me.
Assertive: You should not disturb me.
Imperative: Please help him.
Assertive: You are requested to help him.

Rule-2: Imperative Sentence টি Let দ্বারা শুরু হলে এবং Let এর পরবর্তী Objective form টির Subjective form বসিয়ে + should/must/may/might/might be allowed to + মূল verb থেকে বাকি অংশ বসিয়ে Assertive করা যায়। যেমন

Imperative: Let us follow the example.
Assertive: We should follow the example.
Imperative: Let him tell the story.
Assertive: He may / might tell the story.
Imperative: Let me come in.
Assertive: I may / might / (might be allowed to) come in.

Assertive to Exclamatory
Rule-1: Assertive Sentence –কে Exclamatory Sentence এ রুপান্তর করার সময় 
Ø যদি বাক্যের মধ্যে a/an থাকে তাহলে What a/an দ্বারা বাক্যটি শুরু হয় । আর a/an না থাকলে How দ্বারা বাক্যটি শুরু হয় ।
Ø তারপর Adjective এবং বাক্যের বাকি অংশ বসে, Subject বসে, Verb (am/is/are/was/were) বসে। Very, great উঠে যায়।
Ø সবশেষে Full stop (.) এর পরিবর্তে আশ্চর্যবোধক চিহ্ন (!) বসে।

Ø Structure-1: What + a/an + adjective + বাকি অংশ + Subject + verb + !
Ø Structure-2: How + adjective + বাকি অংশ + Subject + verb + !  যেমন

Assertive: It is a very charming scenery.
Exclamatory: What a charming scenery it is!
Assertive: The boy is very handsome.
Exclamatory: How handsome the boy is!

Rule-2: Wish + were যুক্ত Assertive Sentence –কে Exclamatory করার সময় প্রথম থেকে Wish পর্যন্ত বাদ যায় + প্রদত্ত বাক্যের শুরুতে If বসে + বাকি অংশ বসে + বিস্ময়সূচক (!) বসে। যেমন-

Assertive: I wish I were a child again.
Exclamatory: If I were a child again!
Assertive: I wish I were a millionaire.
Exclamatory: If I were a millionaire!

Rule-3: Wish + had যুক্ত Assertive Sentence –কে Exclamatory করার সময় প্রথম থেকে Wish পর্যন্ত বাদ যায় + প্রদত্ত বাক্যের শুরুতে If বসে + বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে + বিস্ময়সূচক (!) বসে। যেমন-

Assertive: I wish I had been a magician.
Exclamatory: Had I been a magician!
Assertive: I wish I had the wings of a bird.
Exclamatory: Had I the wings of a bird!

Rule-4: Wish + could যুক্ত Assertive Sentence –কে Exclamatory করার সময় প্রথম থেকে Wish পর্যন্ত বাদ যায় + প্রদত্ত বাক্যের শুরুতে Would that/If বসে + বাকি অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে + বিস্ময়সূচক (!) বসে। যেমন-

Assertive: We wish we could be champion.
Exclamatory: Would that we could be champion!
Assertive: I wish I could make a robot.
Exclamatory: If I could make a robot!

Exclamatory to Assertive
 
Rule-1: Exclamatory Sentence টি What a/an দ্বারা বা How দ্বারা শুরু হলে Assertive করার সময়
Ø Structure (What): Subject + verb + a/an + very/great + Adjective + বাকি অংশ । যেমন-

Exclamatory: What a fine flower it is!
Assertive: It is a very fine flower.

Ø Structure (How): Subject + verb + very/great/most etc + Adjective + বাকি অংশ । যেমন-

Exclamatory: How brilliant the candidate was!
Assertive: The candidate was very brilliant.

Rule-2: Hurrah, Alas, Fie যুক্ত Exclamatory Sentence –কে Assertive করার সময় Hurrah এর পরিবর্তে ‘It is a matter of joy that’ এবং Alas এর পরিবর্তে ‘It is a matter of sorrow that’ এবং Fie এর পরিবর্তে ‘It is a matter of shame that’ বসে। আশ্চর্যবোধক চিহ্ন (!) উঠে যায় এবং বাকি অংশ ঠিক থাকে। যেমন-


Exclamatory: Hurrah! We have won the match.
Assertive: It is a matter of joy that we have won the match.
Exclamatory: Alas! I am undone.
Assertive: It is a matter of sorrow that I am undone.
Exclamatory: Fie! You are a cheat.
Assertive: It is a matter of shame that you are a cheat.

Rule-3: If/would that দ্বারা Exclamatory Sentence শুরু হলে If/would that এর পরিবর্তে Sub + wish + sub + verb +  বাকি অংশ + (.) full stop বসিয়ে Assertive করতে হয়। আর Had/Could দ্বারা শুরু হলে Sub + wish + sub বসাতে হয়। এরপর Had/Could বসে এবং সবশেষে Full stop (.) বসিয়ে Assertive Sentence টি সম্পূর্ণ করতে হয়। যেমন-

Exclamatory: If I were a president!
Assertive: I wish I were a president.
*****

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