Transformations Of Voice
v Voice Change দু’ভাবে হয়ে থাকে। যেমন: 1. Active হতে Passive এবং 2. Passive হতে Active.
v সাধারণত প্রদত্ত Sentence গুলোর Voice
Change হয়ে থাকে। যেমন:
1. Assertive Sentence
2. Interrogative
Sentence
3. Imperative Sentence.
Assertive Sentence এর Voice
Change
Active থেকে Passive
Rule-1: Assertive Sentence –এর Active ও Passive –এর গঠন হলো:
Active: Subject + verb + Object.
Passive: Subject (active –এর object এর subjective form)
+ Auxiliary verb + verb এর past participle form + Preposition + object (active –এর subject এর object form). যেমন–
Active: He speaks English.
Passive: English is spoken by him.
v Tense অনুযায়ী Passive voice এ auxiliary
verb গুলোর list:
Active এর Tense
|
Passive এ ব্যবহৃত Auxiliary
verb সমুহ–
|
||
Present
|
Past
|
Future
|
|
Simple
Tense
|
am/is/are
|
was/were
|
shall
be/will be
|
Continuous
Tense
|
am/is/are
+ being
|
was/were
+ being
|
shall
be/will be + being
|
Perfect
Tense
|
have
been/has been
|
had
been
|
shall
have been/will have been
|
Rule-2: Active Voice –এ modals (am to/is to/are
to/have to/has to/had to/going to/ought to/must/can/could/
may/might/should/would etc.) থাকলে এদের পরে ‘be’ ব্যবহার করে Passive করতে হয়। তাছাড়া Imperative
Sentence এ Passive এর Subject এর পর ‘be’ বসিয়ে Passive করতে হয়। যেমন–
Active: we should help the poor.
Passive: The poor should be helped by us.
Active: Post the letter. (Imperative Sentence)
Passive: Let the letter be posted (by you).
Rule-3: Active Voice –এ যদি দুটি object থাকে, তবে Passive করার সময় প্রথমে দুটি object –এর যে কোন একটিকে Subject করতে হবে + Tense অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb + মূল verb –এর past participle + বাকি অংশ + Preposition + object বসবে।
Active: He taught us English.
Passive: We were taught English by him.
Or, English was taught us by him.
Active: I give him a pen.
Passive: He is given a pen by me.
Or, A pen is given to him by me.
[Note: তবে দুটি object –এর মধ্যে Indirect (Personal)
object –কে subject করাই ভাল।]
Rule-4: Active Voice –এর object –টি যদি Reflexive
pronoun অর্থাৎ (myself,
ourselves, yourself, himself, herself, themselves ইত্যাদি) হয়। তবে তাকে Passive করার নিয়ম: [Reflexive
pronoun গুলো কখনোই Passive –এর Subject হয়না]
Active –এর subject –টি অপরিবর্তিত অব্স্থায় passive –এর subject হবে + Auxiliary
verb + মূল verb –এর past participle + by + Reflexive pronoun –টি বসবে। যেমন-
Active: I helped myself to do the work.
Passive: I was helped by myself to do the work.
Active: She killed herself.
Passive: She was killed by herself.
Rule-5: কিছু কিছু verb যেমন: make, feel,
know, need, hear, dare, see, bid, let, compel, watch, behold ইত্যাদির পর – Active এ to উহ্য থাকে। তবে, Passive –এ তাদের পর to বসাতে হয়; তবে Let –এর ক্ষেত্রে verb টির সাথে Passive –এ to বসেনা।
Active: I compelled him do the
work. Passive: He
was compelled to do the work by me.
Active: The man
let the boy go
away. Passive: The
boy was let go away by the man.
Rule-6: Participle যুক্ত Active Voice –কে Passive Voice করার নিয়ম:
Object –টির Subjective
form হয় + Tense ও Person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary verb বসে + main
verb –এর Past
participle বসে + Present
participle যুক্ত অংশটি বসে + by বসে + Subject –টির Objective form বসে। যেমন–
Active: I saw you playing with him.
Passive: You were seen playing with him by me.
Active: I heard him saying this.
Passive: He was heard saying this this by me.
Rule-7: Complex এবং Compound Sentence যুক্ত Active Voice –কে Passive Voice করার নিয়ম:
Complex ও Compound
Sentence –এর Active
Voice –এর পরিবর্তন করার সময়
উভয় Clause –এরই Voice পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। Principal
Clause এর object থাকেনা বলে, অনেক সময় Introductory
‘It’–কে Complex
sentence –এর Principal
Clause এর Passive
voice এর Subject হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।
Active: He brought the car but his son uses it.
Passive: the car was brought by him but it is used by his
son.
Active: People say that kindness is a great virtue.
Passive: It is said that kindness is a great virtue.
Or, Kindness is said to be a great virtue.
Note: Active voice –এ “People say” দিয়ে শুরু হলে “It is
said” দিয়ে Passive
voice শুরু করাই শ্রেয়।
Rule-8: একই Sentence –এ
দুটি Finite Verb থাকলে এবং
তাদের Object –এর Person ভিন্ন হলে Passive voice গঠনে উভয় verb –এর পূর্বে Subject –এর Person অনুযায়ী Auxiliary
verb ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
যেমন-
Active: The man injured five passengers and killed one
passenger.
Passive: Five passengers were injured and one passenger
was killed by the man.
Rule-9: Noun + verb + adjective আকারের Active
Voice –কে Passive
Voice এ রূপান্তর করার নিয়ম:
প্রথমে Noun –টি বসবে + be verb + adjective + when + it/they + be verb + মূল verb –এর Past participle বসবে।
অথবা, Noun –টি বসবে + be verb + verb –এর Past participle বসবে + adjective বসবে।
Active: Honey tastes sweet.
Passive: Honey is sweet when it is tested. / Honey is
tested sweet.
Active: Rice sells
cheap.
Passive: Rice is cheap when it is sold. / Rice is sold
cheap.
Rule-10: Factitive Objective (পদবীবাচক কর্ম) যেমন- Captain, Chairman, Member,
Minister, Liar ইত্যাদি Passive
Voice–এর Subject হতে পারে না। এক্ষেত্রে Factitive Object ছাড়া অন্য কোন Object থাকলে তার Subject করতে হবে। যেমন-
Active: We made him captain.
Passive: He was made captain by us.
Active: We called him a fool.
Passive: He was called a fool by us.
Note: কতগুলো Intransitive Verb যেমন- elect, select, nominate, make, call ইত্যাদির Object –থাকা সত্ত্বেও সম্পূর্ণরূপে অর্থ প্রকাশ
করতে পারে না। পরিপূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশের জন্য অন্য Object আনতে হয়। এই অতিরিক্ত Object টিকেই Factitive
Objective / Complementary Object বলে।
Rule-11: Intransitive
Verb যুক্ত Active
Voice –কে Passive
Voice করার নিয়ম:
সাধারণত Intransitive
Verb –এর হয়না। Intransitive
Verb –এর পরে Preposition যুক্ত হয়ে যদি Group Verb গঠন করে এবং তা Transitive Verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয় তবে তার Passive voice হয়।
নিয়মঃ Object –টি Subject হয় + Tense ও Person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb বসে + প্রদত্ত main verb এর Past participle বসে + preposition –টি বসে + Subject –টির objective form বসে। যেমন–
Active: The girl laughed at the boy.
Passive: The boy was laughed at by the girl.
Active: He looks down upon the
poor.
Passive: The poor are looked down upon by him.
Rule-12: Cognate
object যুক্ত বাক্যের Voice
Change: Object এর subjective form + Tense ও Person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb + main
verb –এর Past
participle form + Subject এর objective
form.
[Note: কতগুলো Intransitive Verb এর সমার্থক Object থাকে। এ ধরণের Object –কে Cognate object (সমজাতীয়/পরস্পর–সম্পর্কিত) বলে।] যেমন–
Active: He ran a race.
Passive: A race was run by him.
Active: I dreamt a sweet dream last
night.
Passive: A sweet dream was dreamt last night by me.
Rule-13: Subject এর পর like/love/want/wish,
etc. + object + infinitive যুক্ত Active sentence–এর পরিবর্তন:
Active sentence–এর Subject + verb + infinitive –এর পরের object (যদি থাকে)
+ to be + infinitive –এর পরের verb এর Past
participle form । যেমন–
Active: Shimu wants me to post the letter.
Passive: Shimu wants the letter to be posted (by me).
Active: The man liked him to do the work.
Passive: The man liked the work to be done (by me).
Rule-14: Advise/beg/order/recommend/urge ইত্যাদি verb এর ক্ষেত্রে Voice এর পরিবর্তন:
Indirect object–টি Subject হয় + Tense ও Person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb + মূল verb –এর Past participle form
+ infinitive এর শেষ পর্যন্ত। অথবা, প্রদত্ত Active voice–এর Subject ও verb বসে + that + direct
object (infinitive –এর পরের object বসে) + should be + Past
Participle. যেমন–
Active: The teacher advised me to read the book.
Passive: I was advised by the teacher to read the book.
Or, The teacher advised that the book should be read.
Rule-15: Agree/be anxious/arrange/determine/be
determined/decide/demand + infinitive + object যুক্ত Active voice–কে Passive
Voice করার নিয়ম:
প্রদত্ত Active
voice–এর Subject ও verb বসে + that + infinitive –এর পরের object বসে + should be
+ infinitive –এর পরের verb এর Past participle
form বসে। যেমন–
Active: They decided to change the decoration.
Passive: They decided that the decoration should be
changed.
Active: Rimi determined to make a car.
Passive: Rimi determined that a car should be made.
Rule-16: Advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest/gerund যুক্ত Active
Voice –কে Passive
Voice করার নিয়ম:
Active voice–এর Subject ও verb + that + gerund –এর পরের object +
should be + gerund–টি verb–এ রূপান্তরিত হয়ে তার Past
participle বসে। যেমন–
Active: The dr. suggested taking healthy diet.
Passive: The dr. suggested that healthy diet should be
taken.
Active: He suggested giving up smoking.
Passive: He suggested that smoking should be given up.
Rule-17: Double
passive should be avoided: Double passive পরিহার করা উচিত, কারণ তা অনেক সময় ভূল ব্যাখ্যা প্রদান করে। যেমন–
Active: The police ordered the criminal to be shot.
Passive: (Inc.) The criminal was ordered by the police to
be shot. (Double passive)
Passive: (Cor.) It was ordered by the police that the
criminal should be shot.
Or, It was ordered to shot the criminal.
Rule-18: One +
should যুক্ত Active
Voice –কে Passive
Voice করার নিয়ম:
প্রথমে Object –টি রূপে Subject বসে + should
be + মূল verb –এর past participle বসে। যেমন–
Active: One should take care of one’s
health.
Passive: Health should be taken care of.
Rule-19: কতিপয় Transitive verb –এর অর্থগত কারণে Passive voice হয় না। তাদের অধিকাংশ Stative verbs (যে সমস্ত verb শুধু অবস্থার নির্দেশ করে কিন্তু কর্ম সম্পাদন বুঝায় না তাকে Stative verb বলে। যেমন: have,
fit, suit, lack, resemble ইত্যাদি)। উদাহরণ:
Active: I have a caw (bur not; A cow is had by me.)
Active: He resembles his father (but not; His father is
resemble by him.)
Rule-20: Infinitive যুক্ত বাক্যের Voice
Change:
Adjective এর পর infinitive ব্যবহৃত হলে, তা সবসময় Active
voice –এ থাকে যদিও তা Passive
voice –এর অর্থ প্রকাশ
করে। যেমন: It is easy to do. কিন্তু, অন্য সব ক্ষেত্রে infinitive –এর Passive হয়।
সেক্ষেত্রে, infinitive (to) + be + verb –এর Past participle হয়। যেমন-
Active: He does not want to be disturbed.
Active: I don’t like to be insulted.
Rule-21: অনেক সময় Active
voice –এর Subject –কে Passive করার সময় by ছাড়া অন্য preposition যেমন to, at, with, in ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করা হয়। যেমন-
ð Know verb এর পর Passive এ to বসে। যেমন–
Active: They knew the
bird.
Passive: The bird was known to them.
ð Contain ও Embody verb এর পর Passive এ in বসে। যেমন–
Active: This tank contains five liters of milk.
Passive: Five liters of milk is contain in this tank.
ð Please, Displease, Satisfy, Seize এর পর Passive এ with বসে। যেমন–
Active: Rashed pleased
me.
Passive: I was pleased with Rashed.
ð Surprise, Shock এর পর Passive এ at বসে। যেমন–
Active: His behavior surprised us.
Passive: We were surprised at his behavior.
v Subjective, Objective and Possessive forms of pronoun.
Subjective
|
Objective
|
Possessive
|
I
|
me
|
my +
noun
|
We
|
us
|
our +
noun
|
You
|
you
|
Your +
noun
|
He/ She
|
him/
her
|
his/
her + noun
|
They
|
them
|
their +
noun
|
It
|
it
|
its +
noun
|
Interrogative Sentence এর Voice Change
Active থেকে Passive
v Interrogative Sentence দু’ভাবে শুরু হয়ে থাকে। যেমন: 1.
Auxiliary verb দিয়ে এবং 2. ‘Wh’ word দিয়ে।
v Auxiliary verb দ্বারা যে সকল Interrogative Sentence শুরু হবে ঐ গুলোর Passiveও Auxiliary verb দ্বারা শুরু হবে।
v Interrogative Sentence –এর Voice change করতে হলে প্রথমে Sentence –টিকে Assertive sentence –এ রূপান্তর করে তারপর এটিকে Passive করতে হয়। Passive voice করার পর পুনরায় Interrogative
Sentence –এ রুপান্তরিত করতে হয়।
Ø Interrogative Sentence –এর Active ও Passive voice এর গঠন দেখে নেই–
Structure-1:
Active: Auxiliary verb + subject
+ মূল verb +
object.
Passive: Auxiliary verb + subject (active এর object) + মূল verb এর PP + by + object
(active এর subject).
Structure-2:
Active: What/How/When/Where +
Auxiliary verb + subject + মূল verb
Passive: What/How/When/Where
+ Auxiliary verb + মূল verb এর PP + by + object
(active এর subject).
Rule-1: Interrogative Sentence –এর Voice change প্রায় Assertive
sentence এর অনুরূপ। শুধু Auxiliary
verb টি সর্বদা Subject এর পূর্বে থাকবে। যেমন–
Active: Does he buy the book?
Passive: Is the book bought by him?
Active: Are you cooking rice?
Passive: Is rice being cooked by you?
Active: Has he informed you?
Passive: Have you been informed by him?
Active: Had Mina collected the dress?
Passive: Had the dress been collected by Mita?
Rule-2: Who যুক্ত Interrogative
Sentence –এর Active
voice –কে Passive
voice –এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
Structure: By whom + auxiliary verb + subject (active এর object) + মূল verb এর PP +?
Active: Who presented this assignment?
Passive: By whom was this assignment presented?
Active: Who has broken the glass?
Passive: By whom has the glass been broken?
Rule-3: What যুক্ত Interrogative
Sentence –এর Active
voice –কে Passive
voice –এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
Structure: What + auxiliary verb + মূল verb এর PP + by + object
(active এর subject)
+?
Active: What do you want?
Passive: What is wanted by you?
Active: What did he eat?
Passive: What was eaten by him?
Rule-4: Whom যুক্ত Interrogative
Sentence –এর Active
voice –কে Passive
voice –এ রূপান্তরের নিয়ম:
Structure: Who + auxiliary verb + মূল verb এর PP + by + object
(active এর subject)
+?
Active: Whom are you looking for?
Passive: Who is being looked for by you?
Active: Whom did he kill?
Passive: Who was killed by him?
Rule-5: Why, when, where, how ইত্যাদি দ্বারা Interrogative
Sentence শুরু হলে তাকে Passive করার নিয়ম:
Structure: উক্ত Interrogative adverb
+ auxiliary verb + object (active এর subject) + মূল verb এর PP + by + subject
(active এর object)
+?
Active: Why do you hate the man?
Passive: Why is the man hated by you?
Active: When will they repair the boat?
Passive: When will the boat be repaired by them?
Imperative
Sentence এর Voice
Change
Active থেকে Passive
v Imperative Sentence চেনার উপায়: বাক্যটি মূল Verb/Do/Let/Please/Kindly/
Always/Never ইত্যাদি দ্বারা
শুরু হয়।
Rule-1: Active voice –টি Imperative
Sentence হলে নিচের গঠন অনুসারে Passive voice করতে হবে।
Structure: Let + active –এর object + be + মূল verb এর Past Participle.
Note: Active voice–টি না-বোধক হলে Passive
voice –টি Let not দ্বারা শুরু হবে। যেমন-
Active: Help the poor.
Passive: Let the poor be helped.
Active: Do not spoil my plan.
Passive: Let not my plan be spoiled.
Rule-2: Active voice –এ Let থাকলে Passive voice –এ তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে এবং এ ধরনের Passive
voice–এ by +
object থাকতে পারে। যেমন-
Active: Let them call in a doctor.
Passive: Let a doctor be called in by them.
Active: Let him destroy it.
Passive: Let it be destroyed by him.
Rule-3: Active voice –এর শুরুতে ‘Always’ থাকলে Passive
voice–এ তা বাক্যের শেষে বসবে। কিন্তু Active
voice –টি ‘Never’ দ্বারা শুরু হলে Passive
voice –টি ‘Let
never’ দ্বারা শুরু হবে। যেমন-
Active: Always speak the truth.
Passive: Let the truth be spoken always.
Active: Never tell a lie.
Passive: Let never a lie be told.
Rule-4: Active voice –এ ‘Please/Kindly’ থাকলে Passive
voice –এর শুরুতে এদের পরিবর্তে You are
requested to বসবে এবং বাকি অংশ
অপরিবর্তিত থাকবে। যেমন-
Active: Please help me.
Passive: You are requested to help me.
Active: Kindly do the work.
Passive: You are requested to do the work.
Rule-5: মূল Verb + ব্যক্তিবাচক Object
(me, us, you, them, him, her) যুক্ত Imperative –কে Passive করার নিয়ম:
Structure: Let + direct object (সাধারণত অব্যক্তিবাচক Object) + be + প্রদত্ত মূল verb –এর Past participle + for
+ প্রদত্ত ব্যক্তি বাচক Object. যেমন-
Active: Please help me.
Passive: You are requested to help me.
Active: Kindly do the work.
Passive: You are requested to do the work.
v নিচের verb –গুলোর Passive voice হয়না। কারণ, এরা-
Intransitive verb: die, appear, seem,
disappear, happen, belong, despair, allude, occur, ensure, wonder, comprise,
perish, refer, issue, indulge ইত্যাদি। যেমন-
Inc: It was appeared.
Cor: It appeared.
Inc: It is happened.
Cor: It happened.
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