Changing Speech / Narration
v আমরা ২ ভাবে বক্তার কথা report করতে পারি।
1. Direct Speech (প্রত্যক্ষ উক্তি) 2.
Indirect Speech (পরোক্ষ উক্তি)
v নিচে Speech দুটির কোন অংশকে কি বলে তা ছকের সাহায্যে দেখানো হল:
Direct
speech
|
Speaker
|
Reporting verb
|
Reported verb
|
|
He
|
said,
|
“I am
unwell”
|
||
Indirect
speech
|
Reporter
|
Reporting verb
|
Linker
|
Reported speech
|
He
|
said
|
that
|
he was
unwell.
|
|
Changing Speech: General Rules
v এই Rules –গুলোর আওতায় সে সব জিনিস বিবেচনায় আসবে সেগুলো হলো:
(1) Change of tense;
(2) Change of personal pronouns/ determiners;
(3) Change of time/place adverbials;
(4) Change of vocative case/ parenthesis.
1. Change
of Tense
v Direct Speech –কে Indirect
Speech –এ রুপান্তরের সময় Reported
speech –এর মধ্যে Tense –এর পরিবর্তন গুলো হলো:
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
Present
(am/is/are/have/has)
|
Past
(was, were, had)
|
Present
Continuous ( I am doing)
|
Past
Continuous (I was doing)
|
Present
Perfect (I have done)
Past
Indefinite (I did)
|
Past
perfect (I had done)
|
Present
Perfect Continuous (I have been doing)
|
Past
Perfect Continuous (I had been doing)
|
Past
Continuous (I was doing)
|
Past
Perfect Continuous (I had been doing)
|
Past
perfect (I had done)
|
Past
perfect (I had done) [N.C.]
|
Past
Perfect Continuous (I had been doing)
|
Past
Perfect Continuous (I had been doing) [N.C.]
|
Future
(I shall/will do)
|
Future
(I would/should)
|
Rule-1: Tense –এর পরিবর্তন মূলত Reporting
verb –এর ওপর নির্ভর করে। Reporting
verb–টি যদি Present কিংবা Future tense –এ হয় তবে Reported speech –এর tense –এর কোনরূপ পরিবর্তন হয় না। যেমন-
Direct: Neela says, “I went to
Singapore.”
Indirect: Neela says that she went to
Singapore.
Direct: He will say, “I have no money.”
Indirect: He will say that he has no
money.
Rule-2: Simple Present Tense যদি Future নির্দেশ করতে ব্যবহৃত হয় তবে ইহাকে Past Indefinite না করে Future in the past অর্থাৎ would সহযোগে Sentence –টিকে পরিবর্তন করতে হয়। যেমন–
Direct: He said, “I leave for London tomorrow.”
Indirect: He said that he left for
London the next day. (Inc.)
Indirect: He said that he would leave
for London the next day. (Correct)
Rule-3: Present Continuous
Tense যদি Future নির্দেশ করে ব্যবহৃত হয় তবে would
be + Present
participle structure –এ Indirect
tense –এ ব্যবহত হবে Past
Continuous Tense –এ ব্যবহৃত হবে না। যেমন-
Direct: He
said, “I visiting Cox’s Bazar next week.”
Indirect: He said
that he was visiting Cox’s Bazar next week. (Inc.)
Indirect: He said
that he would be visiting Cox’s Bazar next week. (Correct)
Rule-4: অতীতকালে একাধিক ক্রিয়ার কাজ একই সময়ে সংগঠিত হলে এবং ঐ Verb –গুলি যদি একই Reported
speech –এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয় তবে Reporting
verb past tense –এর হওয়া সত্ত্বেও Reported
speech –এর Tense –এর কোনরূপ পরিবর্তন হয়না। যেমন–
Direct: He said, “The children sang, danced and
played.”
Indirect: He said that the children
had sung, had danced and had played. (Incorrect)
Indirect: He said that the children
sang, danced and played. (Correct)
Rule-5: Wish/it is time/it is high time
(Subjective mood অর্থাৎ শর্ত, অনুমান কিংবা সম্ভাবনা ইত্যাদি ভাব বুঝালে) সহযোগে Unreal
past tense Indirect speech –এ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন-
Direct: He said, “I wish I were the
president.”
Indirect: He said that he wished he
had been the president. (Incorrect)
Indirect: He said that he wished he
were the president. (Correct)
Direct: He said, “It is high time, “We changed our food habits.”
Indirect: He said that it was high
time they had changed their food habits. (Incorrect)
Indirect: He said that it was high
time they changed their food habits. (Correct)
Rule-6: Would rather/would
sooner/had better ইত্যাদি Indirect
speech –এ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন-
Direct: He said, “I would rather starve than
beg.” Indirect: He said that he would rather
starve than beg.
Rule-7: অসম্ভব শর্ত (Improbable
or Impossible) যুক্ত বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে Reported
speech–এর Tense অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যথা-
Direct: He said, “I would rather starve than
beg.” Indirect: He said that he would rather
starve than beg.
Rule-8: Direct speech –এর Reported speech–এ যদি চিরন্তন সত্য বা Universal
truth, অভ্যাসগত সত্য (habitual fact), প্রবাদ (proverb), প্রবচন (saying) ইত্যাদি থাকে তবে Indirect
speech –এর Tense –এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয়না। যেমন–
Direct: Teacher said, “The earth moves round the
sun.”
Indirect: Teacher said that the earth
moves round the sun.
Direct: He said, “A bad workman always quarrels with his
tools.”
Indirect: He said that a bad workman
always quarrels with his tools.
Rule-9: Could, would, should, might এবং ought to –এর কোন পরিবর্তন হয়না। যেমন–
Direct: “I might to go to the cinema.” he said.
Indirect: He said that he might to go
to the cinema.
Direct: He said, “You should try heart and soul.”
Indirect: He said that I should try
heart and soul.
Rule-10: চিরকালীন বাধ্যবাধকতা ও দৃঢ় অনুমান বুঝানোর ক্ষেত্রে must, had
to তে পরিবর্তন হয়না। যেমন–
Direct: He said, “Every child must respect its parents.”
Indirect: He said that every child
must respect its parents.
2. Change
of Personal Pronouns/ Determiners
Rule-1: Reported speech –এর অন্তর্গত First
person –টি (অর্থাৎ I, we ইত্যাদি) Indirect
speech –এ সর্বদা Reporting
verb –এর Subject
(number, person, gender) অনুযায়ী নির্ধারিত হয়। যেমন–
Direct: She said, “I teach English online.”
Indirect: She said that she taught
English online.
Direct: He says, “I am well.”
Indirect: He says that he is well.
Direct: I
said to her, “I am reading in my room.”
Indirect: I told
her I was reading in my room.
Rule-2: ‘We’ দ্বারা মানবজাতি বুঝালে Indirect speech এ তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন–
Direct: She said, “We shall leave this world soon.”
Indirect: She said that we would
leave this world soon.
Direct: He says, “I am well.”
Indirect: He says that he is well.
Rule-3: ‘We’ যদি বক্তা (Speaker) ও যাকে উদ্দেশ্য করে বলা হয় (Person spoken to) এ দুজনকেই বোঝায় তবে Indirect speech এ তা অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। যেমন–
Direct: He said to me, “We have to tackle the situation.”
Indirect: He told me that we had to
tackle the situation.
Rule-4: Editorial ‘We’ Indirect
speech এ ‘It’ এ পরিবর্তন হয়। যেমন–
Direct: The Independent says, “We make the people aware of this
fact.”
Indirect: The Independent says that
it makes the people aware of this fact.”
Rule-5: Indirect speech –এর 2nd person (অর্থাৎ you, your ইত্যাদি) Indirect
speech –এ সর্বদা Reporting
verb –এর Object
(number, person, gender) অনুযায়ী নির্ধারিত হয়। যেমন–
Direct: Ruksana says to Rupom, “I am well and you are unwell.”
Indirect: Ruksana tells Rupom that
she is well and he is unwell.
Rule-6: Direct speech–এ Speaker (উপস্থাপক) ও Reporting verb না থাকলে বক্তা ধরে নিয়ে Indirect speech করতে হয়।
Direct: I will go there soon.
Indirect: The speaker says that
he/she will go there soon.
Direct: We have won the battle.
Indirect: The soldiers said that they
had won the battle.
3. Change
of Time/Place Adverbials
v Reported sentence এ যদি কোন সময় প্রকাশ পায় তবে তা অবশ্যই Reporting
sentence–এর সময়ের সঙ্গে সঙ্গতি রেখে পরিবর্তন করতে হবে। এমন কিছু পরিবর্তন নিচে দেয়া হল–
Direct—
Indirect
ago —
before
now — then
today — that
day
tomorrow — the next/following
day
yesterday — the day before/the previous day
the day before yesterday — tow days before
the day after tomorrow — in two days time
next month/week etc. — the following weak/month etc.
last week — the previous week
here — there
Rule-1: Demonstrative pronoun হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত This
‘the’ তে পরিবর্তিত হয়। তবে Time +
Expression থাকলে কেবল ‘that’ –এ রুপান্তরিত হয়। যেমন–
Direct: He said, “I enter this room.”
Indirect: He said that he entered
that room.
Rule-2: Introductory ‘It’ এর পরিবর্তন হয়না। যেমন–
Direct: He
said, “It rained heavily yesterday.”
Indirect: He said
that it had rained heavily the previous day.
4. Change
of Vocative Case/ Parenthesis (Comment clause)
Rule-1: Reported clause –এ Vocative case থাকলে এটি সাধারণত reporting
verb –এর object হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন–
Direct: He said, “Karim, come here.”
Indirect: He told Karim to go there.
Rule-2: Vocative case যদি কোন ব্যাক্তির পদমর্যাদার প্রতীকরূপে কিংবা
সম্পর্কের ঘনিষ্ঠতার স্বীকৃতিস্বরূপ ব্যবহৃত হয় তবে Vocative
case নিচের রূপে পরিবর্তিত হতে
পারে। যেমন-
Direct: He said, “Sir, I have an urgent piece of
business.”
Indirect: He said respectfully that
he had an urgent piece of business.
Direct: He said to me, “Friend, listen to
me.”
Indirect: Addressing as his friend,
he told me to listen to him.
Rule-3: Vocative case যদি প্রকৃত সম্পর্ক বোঝায় তবে Reporting
verb –এর object –এর হিসেবে বসে। যেমন-
Direct: He said, “Mother, help me.”
Indirect: He told his mother to help
him.
Rule-4: Direct speech–এ মন্তব্যসূচক শব্দগুচ্ছ (Parenthesis or comment
clause) ব্যবহৃত হলেও Indirect
speech –এ রূপান্তরের সময় বাক্যের জটিলতা এড়াতে তা বাদ দেয়া যেতে পারে। যেমন-
You see, as you know, to tell frankly ইত্যাদি হচ্ছে comment clause.
Direct: He said, “As you know I am not able to spend for the
occasion.”
Indirect: He said that he was not
able to spend for the occasion.
Rule-5: যেসকল Expression, Reported speech পূর্ববর্তী কোন আলোচনায় reference –হিসেবে বাক্য শুরু করার কাজে ব্যবহৃত হয় ঐ Expression গুলোও Indirect
speech –এ বর্জন করা হয়। যেমন–
Direct: He said, “Now, listen to my children.”
Indirect: He told children to listen
to him.
Direct: He said to me, “Well, you are alright.”
Indirect: He told me that I was alright.
Changing Speech: Special Rules
v এই Rules –গুলোর আওতায় সে সব জিনিস বিবেচনায় আসবে সেগুলো হলো:
(1) Changing Assertive Sentences
(2) Changing Interrogative Sentences
(3) Changing Imperatives Sentences
(4) Changing Optative Sentences
(5) Changing Exclamatory Sentences
(1) Changing
Assertive Sentences
Rule-1: Direct speech –এ Reported speech –এর অন্তর্গত Sentence –টি Assertive হলে Indirect Speech –এর Reported speech –এর পূর্বে Conjunction ‘that’ বসে এবং Direct
speech –এ Reporting
verb ‘say’–র পরে ব্যক্তিবাচক object থাকলে Indirect speech –এ ওই ‘say’ ‘tell’ verb –এ পরিবর্তিত হয়, তবে ‘tell’ verb –এর পরে Preposition হিসেবে ‘to’ ব্যবহার করার দরকার হয় না। যেমন-
Direct: He says to me, “I shall beat
her.”
Indirect: He tells me that he will
beat her.
Direct: He said to me, “You have written the
feature.”
Indirect: He told me that I had written
the feature.
Rule-2: Direct
speech –কে Indirect
speech –এ রূপান্তর করতে সাধারণত reporting verb হিসেবে ‘say’ কিংবা ‘tell’ ব্যবহার করা হয়। কিন্তু কখনও কখনও এই উদ্দেশ্যে অন্যান্য verb –ও ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। যেমন–
Direct: Rahim said, “I expect, I shall gain success in life.”
Indirect: Rahim expected that he
would gain success in life.
Direct: She said, “I repent, I have lost him for
ever.”
Indirect: She repented that she had
lost him for ever.
(2)
Changing Interrogative Sentences
Rule-1: Direct speech –এ Reported speech –টি Interrogative হলে ক্রমান্বয়ে নিচের step –গুলো অনুসরণ করতে হয়:
v Indirect Speech –এ Reporting verb –টি ‘ask’, ‘enquire’, ‘demand’, ‘wonder’ ইত্যাদিতে পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং Question –টি একটি Statement –এ পরিণত হয়।
v Question –টির উত্তর যদি শুধু ‘yes’ বা ‘no’ দিয়ে দেয়া যায় তবে Indirect
speech –এ Reported
speech –এর পূর্বে conjunction হিসেবে ‘if’ কিংবা ‘whether’ বসাতে হয়।
v কিন্তু Question বা প্রশ্নের উত্তর ‘yes’ কিংবা ‘no’ দিয়ে না দেয়া গেলে, অন্য কথায় who, whom, what,
when, which, how, why, whose, where প্রভৃতি Question word দ্বারা Reported speech শুরু হলে Indirect
speech –এ Reported
speech –এর পূর্বে conjunction হিসেবে ‘if’ কিংবা ‘whether’ ব্যবহৃত না হয়ে এই Question
word –ই ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমন–
Direct: He said to me, “Are you
ill?”
Indirect: He asked/enquired of me if
I was ill.
Direct: You said to me, “Do you hear me?”
Indirect: You asked me if/whether I
heard you.
Direct: He says to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect: He asked me what I was
doing.
Rule-2: Shall I/we দ্বারা প্রশ্নের ক্ষেত্রে: Shall I/we যখন অনুরোধ, উপদেশ কিংবা নির্দেশ প্রকাশ করে তবে Yes/no question এর মত এর পরিবর্তন হয়ে থাকে। উপদেশ বোঝাতে should ব্যবহৃত হয়। আবার কোন অনুরোধ বা অনুমতি প্রকাশিত হলে would বসে।*
Direct: She said, “Shall I switch on the fan?”
Indirect: She said if she should
switch on the fan.
Direct: She said, “Shall I ever get the job?”
Indirect: She said whether she would
get the job.*
Rule-3: Tag Question –এর ক্ষেত্রে: Direct
speech –এ যদি Tag
Question থাকে Statement অংশটি বাদ দিয়ে শুধুমাত্র Question অংশটিকে Context অনুযায়ী বর্ধিত করে Indirect Narration করতে হয়। যেমন–
Direct: She said, “You do not like him, do you?”
Indirect: She asked me if I liked
him.
(3)
Changing Imperatives Sentences
Rule-1: Imperatives Sentence দ্বারা সাধরণত আদেশ, উপদেশ, অনুরোধ, নিষেধাজ্ঞা, মিনতি, অনুনয়, বিনয় ইত্যাদি প্রকাশিত হয়। তাই Direct speech –এ Reported speech –টি Imperative Sentence হলে Imperative verb –টি Infinitive তথা to + verb রূপে পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং Reporting verb –এর অর্থ প্রকাশের প্রযোজনীয়তা অনুসারে tell, order, advice,
command, beg, request, entreat ইত্যাদি verb –এ রূপান্তরিত হয়। যেমন–
Direct: I said to him, “Excuse me sir.”
Indirect: I begged him to excuse me.
Direct: My friend said me, “Go home at once.”
Indirect: My friend advised me to go
home at once.
Direct: He said to me, “Do not go there.”
Indirect: He ordered/advised me not
to go there.
Or, He forbade me to go there.
Rule-2: Direct speech –এ vocatives বা সম্বোধন পদ থাকলে তা বাদ দিতে হয় বা নিচের নিয়ম অনুসারে Indirect
speech –এ রূপান্তর করতে হয়। যেমন–
Direct: He said, “Iqbal, go there.”
Indirect: He told Iqbal to go there.
Direct: He shouted, “Stop you, villain.”
Indirect: He shouted to the villain
to stop.
Direct: The general said to them, “Brave soldiers, be
cautious.”
Indirect: Addressing them as brave
soldiers the general commanded them to be cautious.
Changing Imperatives Sentences beginning with ‘Let’
Rule-3: Direct speech –এর Reported speech –এ ‘Let’ দ্বারা প্রস্তাব (Proposal) বোঝালে Indirect speech –এ Reporting verb –টি ‘propose’ verb –এ পরিবর্তিত হয় এবং Reporting speech –এর পূর্বে conjunction হিসেবে ‘that’ বসিয়ে সেটিকে অর্থাৎ Reported speech –কে (should) –সহ একটি statement –এ পরিণত করা হয়। যেমন–
Direct: He said to me, “Let us go home.”
Indirect: He proposed to me that we
should go home.
Direct: I said to him, “Let us have some music.”
Indirect: I proposed to him that we
should have some music.
Rule-4: মনে রাখতে হবে, Direct
speech –এ Reported
speech দ্বারা যদি
পরামর্শ (suggestion) বোঝায় তবে Indirect
speech –এ Reporting
verb –টি ‘suggest’
verb –এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
এক্ষেত্রে অবশ্যই মনে রাখতে হবে যে, Propose –এর পরে object বসলেও suggest –এর পরে কোন object বসে না। যেমন-
Direct: The chairman said to them, “Let us settle your despite.”
Indirect: The chairman proposed to
them they should settle their despite.
Or, The chairman suggested that they should settle
their despite.
è Direct suggestion –এর ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত should বসেনা। এক্ষেত্রে Reporting অংশের structure –টি হবে I suggest
…… । যেমন-
Direct: I said, “Get a good job first than marry to your beloved.”
Indirect: I suggested that you got a
good job first than married to your beloved.
è উল্লেখ্য যে, প্রস্তাব বুঝালে Reporting verb –টি propose –এ রূপান্তর করাই শ্রেয়। কেননা এক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb –এর object এবং Reported verb –এর subject ভিন্ন হলে suggest ব্যবহারে জটিলতা দেখা দিতে পারে।
Rule-5: কিন্তু ‘Let’ দ্বারা প্রস্তাব না বোঝালে Indirect
speech –এ ‘Let’–এর পরিবর্তে may, might, might be
allowed to কিংবা অন্য
কোন verb –এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
এক্ষেত্রে Reporting verb –টি Reported speech –এর অর্থানুসারে tell, wish ইত্যাদি verb –এ রূপান্তরিত হয়। [N.B. Might
be allowed to–এর পরিবর্তে কেবল Might ব্যবহার করলেও চলে।] যেমন–
Direct: He said, “Let him do whatever he likes.”
Indirect: He said that he might do
whatever he liked.
Direct: I said, “Let me come in.”
Indirect: He requested that he might
be allowed to go in.
Direct: The beggar said, “Let me beg.”
Indirect: The beggar wished that he
might beg.
Rule-6: Must/should/ought to যুক্ত Imperative –এর ক্ষেত্রে: You +
must/should/ought to. এই structure –এর sentence যদি উপদেশ বুঝায় তবে সাধারণ Imperative
sentence –এর মতই এর Indirect speech হবে–
(i) reporting verb advise + object –এ পরিবর্তিত হয়।
(ii) must/should/ought to উঠে যায়।
(iii) bare infinitive এর পরিবর্তে full
infinitive (to + verb) বসে। যেমন–
Direct: He said, “You must take some exercise
regularly.”
Indirect: He advised me to take some
exercise regularly.
è Might যুক্ত (অনুরোধ প্রকাশক) Imperative
Sentence –এর ক্ষেত্রে: সাধারণ Imperative –এর মতই এর Indirect হবে–
(i) reporting verb request + object –এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
(ii) might উঠে যায়।
(iii) bare infinitive এর স্থলে full
infinitive বসে। যেমন–
Direct: She said, “You might attend the meeting on behalf of me.”
Indirect: She requested me to attend
the meeting on behalf of her.
Rule-7: প্রশ্নবোধক Imperative Sentence –এর ক্ষেত্রে: will
you/would you/can you/could you –এসব দিয়ে শুরু হওয়া Reporting
speech –টি যদি আদেশ (Command) অনুরোধ (Request) আহবান (Invitation) প্রকাশ করে তবে নিচের structure অনুযায়ী Indirect
speech এ পরিবর্তিত হয়ে থাকে।
(i) reporting verb –টি ask / request–এ পরিবর্তিত হয়। object বসে।
(ii) To যুক্ত verb (Infinitive বসে)।
(iii) Please/Kindly উঠে যায়। যেমন–
Direct: She said, “Will you lend me the book please?”
Indirect: She requested me to lend
her the book.
* মনে রাখতে হবে যে,
এ Pattern গুলো সাধারণ
প্রশ্নের ন্যায় কোন তথ্য জানার কালে ব্যবহৃত হয় না বলে এগুলোকে Interrogative
sentence এর নিয়মে Indirect করলে ভুল বলে প্রতীয়মান হবে।
Rule-8: Imperative Sentence যুক্ত Tag Question: এক্ষেত্রে Tag Question বাদ দিয়ে মূল বাক্যটি সাধারণ Imperative বাক্যের নিয়মে Indirect করতে হয়। যেমন-
Direct: Father said, “Shut the door, will you?”
Indirect: Father told me to shut the
door.
(4)
Changing Optative Sentences
v Optative Sentence দ্বারা ইচ্ছা, আকাঙ্খা, আশীর্বাদ, প্রার্থনা ইত্যাদি প্রকাশিত হয়। তাই Direct
speech –এ Optative
Sentence হলে Indirect
speech –এ Reporting
verb –টি wish,
pray ইত্যাদি verb –এ রূপান্তরিত হয় এবং Optative
Sentence –টি Assertive
Sentence –এর form –এ পরিনত হয়। যেমন–
Direct: He said me, “May you be happy.”
Indirect: He wished I might be happy.
Direct: He said to you, “May God bless you.”
Indirect: He prayed that God might
bless you.
Direct: He said to me, “May you be happy.”
Indirect: He wished I might be happy.
(5)
Changing Exclamatory Sentences
v Exclamatory Sentence দ্বারা বিস্ময়, হর্ষ, বিষাদ, আনন্দ, বেদনা ইত্যাদি প্রকাশিত হয়। তাই Direct
speech –এ Reported
speech –টি Exclamation হলে Reported verb
‘exclaim’, ‘cry out’ ইত্যাদি verb –এ রূপান্তরিত হয়। পক্ষান্তরে Exclamatory
Sentence –টি একটি statement –এ পরিনত হয়। অধিকন্তু, প্রয়োজনীয় অর্থ প্রকাশের জন্য নতুন শব্দ বা শব্দসমষ্টি (new word and speech) সংযোজন করতে হবে। যেমন–
Direct: He said, “Alas! I am undone.”
Indirect: He cried out in sorrow that
he was undone.
Direct: He said, “What a fool I am!”
Indirect: He exclaimed with grief
that he was a great fool.
Direct: He said, “Good-bye, my friends.”
Indirect: He bade his friends
good-bye.
Or, He bade good-bye to his friends.
Direct: “Bravo well done!” they cried.
Indirect: They applauded him
that he had done well.
èNB: কখনও কখনও Reported speech –টি what, how বা who দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং ঐসব বাক্যে কমপক্ষে একটি adjective বা noun থাকে। এ ধরনের বাক্যকে indirect করার সময় who,
what, how –এর পরিবর্তে adjective –এর পূর্বে great,
very, very much, greatly, completely ইত্যাদি বসাতে হয়। যেমন–
Direct: He said to me, “How happy you are!”
Indirect: He told me that I was very
happy.
Direct: He said, “What a nice thing it is!”
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that
it was a very nice thing.
Direct: He said, “What was my joy to see the thing!”
Indirect: He said that his joy to see
the thing was very great.
Direct: I said, “Who knew that this would happen!”
Indirect: He said that none knew that
that would happen.
è কিছু কিছু Incomplete
exclamatory sentence –কে অর্থ অনুযায়ী Indirect
Narration করতে হয়। যেমন–
Direct: He said, “What a man!”
Indirect: He exclaimed with surprise
that he was a particular man.
Direct: He said, “What an idea!”
Indirect: He exclaimed that it was an
absurd idea.
Direct: He said, “What a surprise!”
Indirect: He exclaimed that it was a
great surprise.
********
Comments